mindmap root((结果)) effect designates something that necessarily and directly follows upon or occurs by reason of a cause: the ~s of radiation on the body. consequence implies a direct but looser or remoter connection with a cause and usually implies that the cause is no longer operating: a single act that had far-reaching ~s. result applies often to the last in a series of effects: the end ~ was a growth in business. issue applies to a result that ends or solves a problem, a difficulty, or a conflict: a successful ~ that rendered all the controversy moot. outcome suggests the final result of complex or conflicting causes or forces: the ~ of generations of controlled breeding.